If you’re seeking the best Level 3 data capture modules for seamless management in 2025, I recommend exploring options like high-resolution HDMI capture cards, advanced 9-axis IMU sensors, and versatile camera modules. These devices guarantee reliable data transfer, excellent compatibility, and durability for diverse applications. Whether for streaming, robotics, or scientific use, top modules blend performance with durability. Keep exploring further to discover how these solutions can perfectly fit your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Compatibility with multiple operating systems and interfaces ensures easy integration into diverse data management systems.
- High transfer speeds (USB 3.0, Thunderbolt 3) support real-time data processing with minimal latency.
- Support for advanced sensors like 9-axis IMUs and high-resolution video capture enables comprehensive data collection.
- Robust build quality and standardized power requirements ensure reliable operation in demanding environments.
- Modular, plug-and-play design with SDK support facilitates seamless deployment and customization in 2025 workflows.
OSOYOO IR Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module for Arduino Robot
If you’re building an Arduino robot that needs reliable obstacle avoidance, the OSOYOO IR Obstacle Avoidance Sensor Module is an excellent choice. I’ve used it in several projects, and it consistently detects obstacles within 2-30cm at a 35° angle, with adjustable range. The module includes infrared transmitters and receivers that emit specific signals, activating a green indicator light when reflecting off obstacles. It outputs digital signals compatible with Arduino and Raspberry Pi, making integration straightforward. Operating on 3-5V DC, it’s a compact, dependable sensor that helps your robot navigate smoothly without false alarms or delays.
Best For: hobbyists and developers building Arduino or Raspberry Pi-based robots requiring reliable obstacle detection and avoidance.
Pros:
- Compatible with both Arduino and Raspberry Pi, making it versatile for various projects.
- Detects obstacles within 2-30cm at a 35° angle, providing reliable obstacle avoidance.
- Easy to integrate with digital output signals and includes visual indicator light for status monitoring.
Cons:
- Limited detection range up to 30cm, which may not be suitable for larger obstacle detection needs.
- Requires a 3-5V power supply, so compatibility with some systems may need additional voltage regulation.
- The detection angle of 35° could limit coverage in complex navigation environments.
AXHDCAP 4K HDMI Video Capture Card for Streaming and Recording
The AXHDCAP 4K HDMI Video Capture Card is an excellent choice for content creators and professionals who demand high-quality, real-time streaming and recording. It supports HDMI input up to 4K 60FPS and outputs at 1080P with rich stereo sound, ensuring crisp visuals and audio for gaming, broadcasts, or presentations. Its ultra-low latency technology provides seamless, lag-free previews, making live captures precise and reliable. Compatible with Windows, macOS, Linux, and Android, it connects easily to cameras, camcorders, and desktops. Designed for plug-and-play use with durable thermal dissipation, it’s perfect for various applications, from gaming to professional streaming, with support and warranty included.
Best For: content creators, gamers, and professionals seeking high-quality, real-time streaming and recording with versatile device compatibility.
Pros:
- Supports 4K 60FPS HDMI input and 1080P USB output for excellent visual quality
- Ultra-low latency technology ensures seamless, lag-free live previews
- Plug-and-play design with durable thermal dissipation for long-term use
Cons:
- Does not provide HDMI output for computers without HDMI ports, limiting some setups
- Maximum output resolution is 1080P at 30Hz, which may not meet all high-resolution needs
- Compatibility may require additional adapters for certain Android devices with OTG
4Pcs OV7670 Camera Module (OV7670 640×480, VGA, CMOS, I2C Interface)
Designed for developers seeking reliable VGA video capture, the Pcs OV7670 Camera Module stands out with its 640×480 resolution and CMOS sensor. It supports multiple output formats like Raw RGB, RGB565/555/444, and YUV, offering flexibility for various projects. The module features automatic exposure control, white balance, and image adjustments, ensuring high-quality images in different lighting conditions. Operating at 2.5V to 3.0V with a low power consumption of around 60mW, it’s compatible with ARM processors and Windows. Its compact size, stable performance over a wide temperature range, and easy I2C interface make it ideal for embedded systems and real-time data capture.
Best For: hobbyists, developers, and embedded system engineers seeking reliable VGA video capture for projects requiring high-quality image data and flexible output formats.
Pros:
- Supports multiple output formats including Raw RGB and YUV for versatile application use
- Automatic functions like exposure control and white balance ensure clear images in varying lighting conditions
- Compact, lightweight design compatible with ARM processors and Windows for easy integration
Cons:
- Limited to a maximum frame rate of 30fps at VGA resolution, which may not suit high-speed applications
- Requires careful handling of I2C control signals and pull-up resistors for proper operation
- Mixed user reviews and a relatively low average rating may indicate variability in product quality or support
Mcbazel 4K HDMI Video Capture Card USB C
For streamers, gamers, and content creators seeking high-quality, versatile video capture, the Mcbazel 4K HDMI Video Capture Card with USB-C offers an excellent solution. It supports up to 3840×2160@30Hz input resolution and outputs at 1920×1080@60Hz, ensuring crisp, professional-quality videos. Compatible with OBS, VLC, Amcap, and works seamlessly across Windows, Linux, Android, and MacOS devices. Its plug-and-play design requires no external power, making setup quick and straightforward. Compact and durable with a lightweight aluminum housing, it’s perfect for recording and streaming on PS5, Switch, PC, or Mac, providing flexibility and reliability in any environment.
Best For: streamers, gamers, and content creators seeking high-quality, versatile video capture solutions compatible with multiple devices and software.
Pros:
- Supports 4K input resolution for professional-quality streaming and recording
- Plug-and-play design with no external power required for easy setup
- Compact, lightweight, and durable aluminum housing ideal for on-the-go use
Cons:
- Limited to 30Hz at 4K input, which may not suit all high-frame-rate needs
- Requires compatible software and hardware to fully utilize features
- Transmission distance up to 15 meters may affect signal quality over longer cables
Arduino 9-Axis IMU Sensor (WT901) with Accelerometer, Gyroscope, Magnetometer, and Inclinometer
If you’re seeking a compact, high-precision motion sensing solution, the Arduino 9-Axis IMU Sensor (WT901) stands out as an ideal choice. It combines accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, and inclinometer functions, delivering accurate tilt angles, magnetic field measurements, and orientation data. With a Cortex-M0 core processor and advanced filtering algorithms, it offers measurement accuracy up to 0.05 degrees. Its 12-bit resolution, adjustable measurement ranges, and versatile output rates from 0.2 to 200Hz make it suitable for professional scientific and industrial projects. Despite its small size, the WT901 provides stable, low-noise data, making it a reliable tool for precise motion tracking.
Best For: developers and engineers needing a compact, high-precision IMU sensor for professional scientific, industrial, or robotics motion tracking projects.
Pros:
- High measurement accuracy up to 0.05 degrees with advanced filtering algorithms.
- Versatile output rates from 0.2 to 200Hz and adjustable measurement ranges.
- Compact size and robust design suitable for integration into various devices and systems.
Cons:
- USB-UART converter must be purchased separately, adding to the overall cost.
- Slightly limited user interface options, requiring technical knowledge for setup.
- Availability and reviews are moderate, indicating potential variability in user experience.
ByteWave USB 3.0 Capture Card with 4K Passthrough
The ByteWave USB 3.0 Capture Card with 4K Passthrough stands out as an ideal choice for content creators and gamers who demand high-quality streaming without sacrificing performance. It offers 1080P60Hz recording alongside 4K30Hz passthrough, ensuring crisp visuals and smooth gameplay. Compatible with devices like Switch, PS5, Xbox, PC, and Mac, it supports popular streaming platforms such as Twitch and YouTube. Built with a durable CNC-molded aluminum shell and nano heat dissipation, it stays cool during extended use. Its plug-and-play design, combined with USB 3.0 support, guarantees stable, low-latency performance for seamless live streaming and recording.
Best For: streamers, gamers, and content creators seeking high-quality, reliable 1080P60Hz recording with 4K30Hz passthrough across multiple devices and platforms.
Pros:
- Supports 1080P60Hz recording with 4K30Hz passthrough for crisp visuals and smooth gameplay
- Compatible with a wide range of devices including Switch, PS5, Xbox, PC, and Mac, and popular streaming platforms like Twitch and YouTube
- Durable CNC-molded aluminum shell with nano heat dissipation technology ensures cool operation during extended use
Cons:
- Requires a USB 3.0 or higher port for optimal 1080P60Hz performance
- No external power source needed, which may limit some advanced features or expansions
- Slightly larger size due to CNC molding may impact portability compared to ultra-compact options
4K HDMI Video Capture Card with Audio Input
A K HDMI Video Capture Card with Audio Input stands out as an ideal choice for gamers, content creators, and live streamers who demand high-quality, real-time video and audio capture. It supports 1080P HD resolution and 4K@60Hz input with loopout, ensuring sharp, detailed streams. Compatible with Windows and Mac OS, it uses USB 3.0 for low-latency data transfer, making live streaming seamless on platforms like Twitch and YouTube. Its plug-and-play design requires no extra drivers or power. Plus, it features microphone and headphone inputs, allowing external audio commentary. This compact device offers reliable, synchronized video and audio, perfect for professional streaming and recording.
Best For: streamers, gamers, and content creators seeking high-quality, low-latency video and audio recording for live broadcasts and recordings.
Pros:
- Supports 1080P HD resolution and 4K@60Hz input with loopout for detailed streaming.
- Compatible with Windows and Mac OS, with USB 3.0 low-latency data transfer.
- Includes microphone and headphone inputs for external audio commentary and synchronized audio-video capture.
Cons:
- Requires compatible HDMI devices and may not support older hardware.
- Does not include external power supply, relying solely on USB power.
- Limited to capturing single-channel HDMI signals, which may restrict multi-camera setups.
Elgato 4K S External Capture Card for PS5, Xbox Series X/S, Switch 2, PC, Mac, iPad
For gamers and content creators seeking high-quality, versatile capture capabilities, the Elgato 4K S External Capture Card stands out as an excellent choice. It delivers 4K60 capture, ensuring cinematic detail and vibrant colors, perfect for streaming or recording. The support for high frame rates like 1440p120 and 1080p240 makes gameplay smooth and fluid. HDR10 support and tone mapping on Windows allow for stunning HDR content. Its USB-C interface offers near-zero latency, enabling real-time gameplay and recording. Compatibility spans PS5, Xbox Series X/S, Switch 2, PC, Mac, and iPad, making it a flexible, compact solution for various setups.
Best For: gamers and content creators seeking versatile, high-quality 4K streaming and recording with minimal latency across multiple platforms.
Pros:
- Supports 4K60 capture with vivid colors and cinematic detail
- High frame rate options like 1440p120 and 1080p240 for smooth gameplay
- Near-zero latency via USB-C interface for real-time recording and streaming
Cons:
- Requires compatible hardware and software for HDR10 and VRR features
- May be more expensive compared to basic capture cards
- Compact design might limit some connectivity options for complex setups
4K HDMI Capture Card for Streaming and Recording
If you’re serious about high-quality streaming or recording, a 4K HDMI capture card like this one offers the perfect blend of sharp visuals and broad device compatibility. It supports 4K30 pass-through and captures gameplay in 1080p60, delivering clear, lag-free videos. Compatible with a wide range of HDMI sources such as cameras, gaming consoles, and media players, it’s ideal for live streaming, video conferencing, and screen sharing. The plug-and-play design works seamlessly with Windows and Mac, with no external power required. Plus, built-in audio features allow for real-time commentary, making it a versatile tool for content creators aiming for professional results.
Best For: content creators, streamers, and gamers seeking high-quality, versatile HDMI capture solutions for professional streaming and recording.
Pros:
- Supports 4K30 pass-through and 1080p60 recording for sharp, lag-free visuals
- Compatible with a wide range of HDMI sources including gaming consoles, cameras, and media players
- Plug-and-play design with driverless operation on Windows and Mac, no external power needed
Cons:
- May require a high-speed USB 3.0 port for optimal performance
- Limited to 1080p60 recording, not full 4K recording capability
- External audio input/output may need additional setup for advanced audio mixing
BLE 5.0 Accelerometer+Inclinometer WT901BLECL+BLE Adapter MPU9250 9-axis IMU Sensor
The BLE 5.0 Accelerometer+Inclinometer WT901BLECL paired with the MPU9250 9-axis IMU sensor stands out as an ideal choice for professionals seeking precise, real-time motion tracking in portable applications. It delivers accurate 3-axis acceleration, gyroscope, magnetic field, and angle data, thanks to its Kalman filter-enhanced gyroscope and magnetometer. Its low-power Bluetooth 5.0 connectivity offers a 50-meter range and supports multiple connections to Android and Windows devices. The robust design, combined with a Type-C interface and a 12-month warranty, makes it perfect for reliable, long-lasting measurements in dynamic environments.
Best For: professionals and engineers seeking precise, real-time motion tracking in portable, dynamic environments using Bluetooth-enabled sensors.
Pros:
- High-precision 9-axis measurements with Kalman filter stabilization
- Long-range Bluetooth 5.0 connectivity up to 50 meters with support for multiple devices
- Low power consumption enabling approximately 10 hours of continuous use
Cons:
- Requires familiarity with sensor calibration and data interpretation
- May need additional accessories or adapters for integration with specific systems
- Limited to Bluetooth 5.0-compatible devices, restricting older hardware compatibility
Fifine AmpliGame Video Capture Card, HD 1080 60fps for Gaming and Streaming
Gamers and streamers seeking high-quality, reliable capture solutions will appreciate the Fifine AmpliGame Video Capture Card, which delivers real-time 1080P footage at 60FPS for smooth, crystal-clear visuals. It features a loop-out option that outputs 4K at 30FPS, enhancing visual clarity. The USB 3.0 interface guarantees minimal latency and fast data transfer, making live streaming seamless. Compatible with PCs, PS4, PS5, Xbox, Switch, and other HDMI sources, it offers easy plug-and-play setup. Additional features like HDMI output, LINE IN, and customizable RGB lighting make it versatile, perfect for gaming, streaming, and professional content creation.
Best For: streamers, gamers, and content creators seeking high-quality, reliable capture solutions for live streaming, gameplay recording, and professional content production.
Pros:
- Supports real-time 1080P at 60FPS for smooth and clear video quality
- Loop-out feature allows 4K output at 30FPS for enhanced visuals
- Plug-and-play setup with USB 3.0 ensures minimal latency and easy compatibility
Cons:
- HDMI cable is not included, requiring an additional purchase
- May require some adjustment for optimal RGB lighting customization
- Compatibility with older devices or certain operating systems may need additional configuration
Mirabox USB3.0 HDMI Video Capture Card for Nintendo Switch
For those seeking a reliable and easy-to-use solution for Nintendo Switch gameplay capture, the Mirabox USB3.0 HDMI Video Capture Card stands out with its zero-latency HDMI pass-through. It supports all 1080P/720P HDMI devices, including Wii U, PS4, Xbox, and more, making it versatile. The device captures high-quality 1080p@60fps video, perfect for streaming or recording on platforms like Twitch, YouTube, or OBS. Its plug-and-play design requires no drivers, and its compact size makes it portable for outdoor filming or medical applications. Overall, it’s a straightforward, high-performance tool for seamless gameplay capture and live streaming.
Best For: gamers, streamers, and content creators seeking a reliable, easy-to-use device for capturing high-quality Nintendo Switch gameplay and live streaming.
Pros:
- Supports all 1080P/720P HDMI devices with 1080p@60fps capture for smooth, high-quality video
- Zero-latency HDMI pass-through enables real-time gameplay without delay
- Plug-and-play design requires no drivers, making setup quick and simple
Cons:
- Limited to HDMI input devices; does not support other video input types
- May require a powerful PC for optimal streaming performance at high resolutions
- Compact design might limit additional connectivity options or expandability
Plugable HDMI Video Capture Card, USB 3.0/USB C for Streaming and Recording
If you need a reliable, high-quality capture solution for livestreams, presentations, or gaming, the Plugable HDMI Video Capture Card is an excellent choice. It supports 1080P at 60FPS with HDMI pass-through, ensuring smooth, professional-grade video. Compatible with USB 3.0 and USB C, it works seamlessly on Windows, macOS, and Linux, and integrates with platforms like OBS, Zoom, and Google Meet. Its compact design makes setup quick and easy, perfect for enhancing live broadcasts, virtual meetings, or gaming streams. Whether you’re a content creator or professional, this capture card delivers crisp visuals without lag, making it a versatile addition to your setup.
Best For: content creators, gamers, and professionals seeking high-quality, reliable streaming and recording solutions for virtual meetings, live broadcasts, or gaming streams.
Pros:
- Supports 1080P at 60FPS with HDMI pass-through for smooth, professional-grade video
- Compatible with Windows, macOS, and Linux, and works with popular platforms like OBS, Zoom, and Google Meet
- Compact design allows for quick and easy setup, ideal for various environments
Cons:
- May require specific drivers or software for optimal performance on certain systems
- Limited to 1080P video resolution; not suitable for 4K streaming or recording
- Might need additional accessories or adapters for certain setups or connections
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Level 3 Data Capture Module
When selecting a Level 3 data capture module, I focus on key factors like device compatibility, data transfer speed, and supported data types to guarantee seamless integration. Power requirements and ease of installation also matter, so I look for modules that fit my setup without hassle. Considering these points helps me choose a reliable option that meets my specific data management needs.
Compatibility With Devices
Choosing a Level 3 data capture module requires ensuring it seamlessly integrates with your existing devices. First, check that it supports your operating systems, whether Windows, macOS, Linux, or Android. Compatibility with your device’s input and output interfaces, like USB, HDMI, or SDI, is essential for smooth connections. Additionally, verify that the module’s resolution and frame rate capabilities align with your hardware’s requirements to prevent data transfer issues. It’s also vital to confirm compatibility with existing equipment such as cameras, gaming consoles, or computers to avoid connection problems. Finally, consider whether the module supports professional standards like HDCP or HDR, especially if you work with protected or high-dynamic-range content. Ensuring these factors match your setup guarantees seamless integration and reliable performance.
Data Transfer Speed
Ensuring your data capture module can handle high-speed transfers is vital to maintaining smooth operation. Transfer speed directly affects how quickly data moves from the module to your device, impacting system responsiveness. For high-resolution video or large data packets, faster interfaces like USB 3.0 (up to 5Gbps) or Thunderbolt 3 (up to 40Gbps) are essential. These speeds allow real-time processing without latency or dropped frames, which is essential for high-frame-rate applications. If transfer speeds are too low, you risk lag, reduced video quality, or data loss. To prevent this, select a module with a transfer rate that comfortably exceeds your throughput needs. This way, you guarantee seamless, uninterrupted data flow, even during demanding, high-bandwidth tasks.
Supported Data Types
Selecting a level 3 data capture module requires careful attention to the supported data types, as this determines how well it can integrate with your existing systems. I look for modules that support multiple data types, including digital and analog signals, to guarantee versatility. Commonly supported protocols like UART, I2C, and SPI are vital for seamless communication with various sensors and controllers. Additionally, I consider modules capable of handling high-speed data streams, supporting data rates up to several Mbps for real-time processing. Compatibility with diverse data formats is essential, allowing integration across different interfaces and sensor outputs like PWM and ADC readings. Supporting multiple data types not only broadens application possibilities but also simplifies system design, making data acquisition more efficient and adaptable to complex requirements.
Power Requirements
When evaluating data capture modules, understanding their power requirements is key to seamless integration. I always check that the module’s voltage matches my system’s power supply, usually 3.3V or 5V, to prevent damage or malfunction. I verify the current consumption to confirm my system can support it without stability issues. It’s also important to see if the module needs voltage regulation or filtering for clean power delivery, which can affect overall performance. I consider whether the module requires external power sources or can run solely from the host device’s power lines, simplifying setup. Finally, I review thermal management and heat dissipation needs linked to power usage, as excessive heat can impact operation and longevity. Clear power specifications help me choose reliable modules that fit my system’s capabilities.
Ease of Installation
Choosing a level 3 data capture module becomes much easier when I look for clear, detailed instructions and well-labeled connection ports. These features make installation straightforward, reducing setup time and frustration. Compatibility with standard interfaces like USB, PCIe, or HDMI helps me integrate the module smoothly into existing systems without extra adapters. A user-friendly mounting mechanism or enclosure that allows quick, tool-free installation is a huge plus, especially in busy environments. Additionally, ensuring the module works with common operating systems and has simple driver or software installation minimizes technical issues. Modular or plug-and-play options are also beneficial, as they enable quick deployment and easy replacement, streamlining complex data acquisition setups and making the entire installation process more efficient.
Reliability and Durability
Ensuring a Level 3 data capture module is reliable and durable is essential for maintaining consistent performance over time. I look for modules with a high Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF), which indicates they can operate smoothly for extended periods. Durability also matters; the module should withstand environmental factors like temperature shifts, humidity, and electrical surges. I prioritize robust construction, including corrosion-resistant connectors and sturdy circuit boards, to guarantee long-term use. Certifications from industry standards such as IEC and UL give me confidence in the safety and reliability of the device, especially in critical applications. Proper shielding and grounding are also vital, as they prevent electromagnetic interference that can threaten data integrity and device lifespan.
Software Integration
Seamless software integration is essential for maximizing the performance of a Level 3 data capture module, so I focus on its compatibility with my existing platforms like OBS, VLC, or custom applications. I verify that the module supports standard output interfaces such as USB 3.0, HDMI, or SDI, guaranteeing smooth connection with my hardware ecosystem. It’s also important that the module offers SDKs or APIs, so I can customize, automate, or embed it into my unique workflows. Regular driver support and firmware updates are critical to keep the module compatible with evolving operating systems and software versions. Additionally, I look for detailed documentation and responsive technical support, which help troubleshoot issues quickly and optimize integration. These factors ensure my data capture setup remains flexible and future-proof.
Cost and Budget
When selecting a Level 3 data capture module, considering the total cost is essential to avoid budget overruns and make sure the device meets my needs. These modules range from under $50 for basic models to over $200 for advanced options with more features. Budget constraints might limit me to simpler modules with lower resolution or fewer input channels, which can affect data accuracy and processing speed. Investing in a higher-cost model often means better build quality, durability, and long-term reliability, potentially saving money on replacements later. I need to account for the initial purchase, plus expenses for accessories, maintenance, and future upgrades. A careful cost-benefit analysis ensures I choose a module that aligns with my project requirements without overspending on unnecessary features.
Frequently Asked Questions
What Are the Compatibility Requirements for Level 3 Modules?
Level 3 modules typically require compatibility with your existing ERP or data management systems, supporting standard communication protocols like Ethernet/IP or Profibus. They should also be compatible with your hardware interfaces, such as serial or USB ports, and meet industry-specific standards. I always verify they’re compatible with my system’s firmware and software updates to avoid integration issues. Proper compatibility guarantees seamless data flow and minimizes operational disruptions.
How Do Level 3 Modules Ensure Data Security?
Oh, the irony isn’t lost on me—these Level 3 modules are so secure, they practically guard your data with a fortress. They use advanced encryption, multi-factor authentication, and real-time monitoring to keep everything safe from breaches. I’ve seen how these modules automatically detect anomalies and block unauthorized access, giving you peace of mind. Honestly, I trust them more than my own front door!
Can Level 3 Modules Integrate With Existing Enterprise Systems?
Yes, Level 3 modules can seamlessly integrate with existing enterprise systems. I’ve found that most modern modules are designed with compatibility in mind, offering APIs and connectors that facilitate smooth data exchange. This means I can connect them to ERP, CRM, or other platforms without hassle, ensuring consistent data flow. The key is choosing modules that support open standards and flexible integration options, making my data management more efficient.
What Is the Typical Lifespan of a Level 3 Data Capture Module?
The typical lifespan of a Level 3 data capture module ranges from 5 to 7 years, depending on usage and technological advancements. I recommend regular updates and maintenance to extend its longevity. As technology evolves rapidly, staying current ensures peak performance and compatibility. Investing in high-quality modules and ongoing support helps maximize your system’s lifespan and keeps data management seamless and efficient over time.
Are There Specific Maintenance Protocols for Optimal Performance?
Yes, there are specific maintenance protocols I follow to keep my Level 3 data capture modules running effectively. I regularly clean the sensors and connectors to prevent dust buildup, update firmware to guarantee compatibility with new software, and perform routine diagnostics to catch issues early. I also schedule periodic calibration and keep detailed logs of maintenance activities, which helps me maintain peak performance and extend the lifespan of my modules.
Conclusion
Just like Icarus dared to reach for the sun, choosing the right level 3 data capture module elevates your projects to new heights. With these top options, you’re equipped to navigate the complex skies of data management seamlessly in 2025. Remember, even Daedalus’s wings needed careful craftsmanship—so trust your judgment and select a module that balances power, compatibility, and future-proofing. Your ascent into advanced data handling starts here.
